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 <title>Sawt al Niswa | صوت النسوة - Mental Health</title>
 <link>https://dr2.whrdmena.org/tags/mental-health</link>
 <description></description>
 <language>en</language>
<item>
 <title>العاملات الأجنبيات في المصحات النفسية في لبنان: مرض نفسي او تشخيص عنصري؟</title>
 <link>https://dr2.whrdmena.org/article/614</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://dr2.whrdmena.org/sites/default/files/styles/500x/public/18193777_1499970240034405_6838485166856359026_n.jpg?itok=E-NtCdq4&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;281&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-article-image-caption field-type-text field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;picture published by Anti-Racism movement on april 8th 2017 preceding the migrant workers’ parade in Lebanon on May 1 st&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-article-author field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;Anti-Racism Movement (ARM)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-89595602-7440-ed1f-fa51-6255b9a5877f&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&quot;دخيلكن ساعدوني ما تخلوهن يجبروني اخد الدوا ويرجعوا يخلصوا مني. ما ح تخلوهن يعملوا هيك، صح؟&quot; هذه الاستغاثة التي وجهتها لنا مارتا منذ حوالي السنة، في آخر لقاء بيننا في دار العجزة، قسم الأمراض النفسية والعصبية. بعدها فقدنا أي أثر لمارتا، وكل محاولاتنا للبحث عنها، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(106, 106, 106); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;باءت &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;بالفشل.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;لم يكن يجدر بمارتا أن تكون بهذا القسم من المستشفى، الا أنها الحلقة الأضعف والقرار ليس بيدها، ومصيرها في لبنان يحدد اما من قبل الكفيل أو من قبل مكتب الاستقدام. بعدما دفعها أحد العاملين في المكتب، وتعرضت لضربة قاسية على الرأس وأُدخلت الى قسم الطوارئ في مستشفى المقاصد قرر صاحب المكتب أنّ مارتا مجنونة ويجب إدخالها في قسم الامراض النفسية. فهو عذر كاف ومكان آمن لإخفاء أي أثر لأي ذنب يقترفه هو أو غيره من هذه المكاتب المتفشية في أرجاء هذا البلد.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;عند زيارتنا لمارتا، وفي القسم نفسه، التقينا بعاملة أجنبية أخرى كانت تقرأ الانجيل في رواق المستشفى، وأخبرتنا أنها هنا منذ بضعة شهور ولكنها لا تدري سبب وجودها وانها المرة الأولى التي ترى فيها &#039;لبنانيين&#039; يزورون أجانب في هذا القسم، الذي يشمل أشخاص بمثل حالتها (أو حالات مشابهة لحالتها)، و ينتظرون الخروج بفارغ الصبر.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;سمعنا الكثير من المناوشات عبر الهاتف، بين الطبيب الموجود، والطبيب الذي إستلم مارثا من مكتب الاستقدام، و قد تبين أن&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;مارثا لا تحتاج سوى الدخول إلى مستشفى للإعتناء بكدمات رأسها فقط، وأنه بدلا من ذلك ، قد تم إدخالها قسم  &quot;المجانين &quot;مقابل مبلغ من المال ، بالرغم من أنها عاقلة وسوية و متزنة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;. وقد كان الطبيب الموجود، وهو الأصغر سنا، مستاءً جداً من الطبيب الذي أدخلها قسما لا يمت لها بصلة،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; فأسكته الطبيب الأكبر سناً، و طلب منه عدم التدخل في &#039;ما لا يعنيه&#039;، وأن يركز على عمله وحسب. عمله وحسب؟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;منذ سنوات، نشر&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PypSPWyfvYY&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration:none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; فيديو &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; لعاملة إثيوبية، عالم دشاسة، تتعرض للضرب  في الشارع&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;وتسحل من قبل كفيلها/ صاحب المكتب، وقد جرى ذلك على بعد أمتار من قنصليتها، و&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;على&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;مرأى ملايين الأشخاص الذين حضروا الفيديو وتأثروا كثيراً كونه كان من الفيديوهات الأولى التي عكست كميات الإذلال التي يعيش تحتها مئات آلاف الوافدين للعمل في لبنان.. وطبعاً، لقد لحق ذلك تبريرات أن المشهد ليس كما نراه، فهذه العاملة مريضة نفسيا واالمُشاهد لا يدري ما الذي حصل فعلا. كل كل ذلك حصل، قبل إسبوع من أن لقيت &#039;عالم&#039; حتفها في المصح العقلي التي أودعت به بعد هذا الفيديو. من المعلوم والمتداول، أن العذر المعتمد للإعفاء من المسؤولية و صد وإسكات أحدهم، تحديداً النساء كما جرت العادة، هو اتهامهن بأنهن مصابات بالجنون أو المبالغة أو كثرة الحساسية والهلوسة. عشرات من العاملات الأجانب يرمين في المصحات النفسية للحجة نفسها. وهنا لا ندعي أن جميع العاملات لا يعانين من أمراض نفسية، فمن لا يعاني من مئات الأمراض  المكدّسة جراء هذه الظروف الاستعبادية. ولكن لننظر للموضوع من زاوية أخرى ولنسأل أنفسنا، لماذا يسوء قطاع الصحة النفسية للعاملات؟ وما الذي يؤدي بهن الى مثل هذه الحالات؟ لماذا ينتحر عدد كبير منهن، بطريقة مستمرة ومتزايدة منذ سنين طويلة؟ ما القاسم المشترك بين كل هذه المجنونات، السريلانكيات، والفلبينيات، والبنغلادشيات، والنيباليات، والاثيوبيات، اللوات يرمين بأجسادهن، النحيلة جداً بمعظم الحالات، من على شرفات بيروت وضواحيها إسبوعياً، أو يومياً؟ أهي هواية مشتركة للفقيرات ذوي البشرات الداكنة يا ترى؟ اهو مرض نفسي مشترك بينهنّ علما انهن من بلاد وثقافات واماكن مختلفة؟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;أم هي عوامل أخرى، نعرفها كلنا جيداً، في بلد صغير كلبنان، نجد به &#039;عاملة منزلية (أو اثنتين أو ثلاثة) في كل بيت نزوره، بيوت الأهل، والأصدقاء، والجيران، والمعارف؟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;- ساعات العمل اللا متناهية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;- حرمانهن من أيام العطل والنفس والحرية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;- الحجز غير القانوني لجوازات سفرهن وأوراقهن الشخصية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;- تعرضهن للعنف اللفظي والجسدي والنفسي والجنسي في العديد من الحالات&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;- تجويعهن أو اطعامهن ما تيسر أو تبقى&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;- اعتبارهن غريبات الأطوار، أو مقصرات في عملهن، لأنهن لا يفهمن العربية، أو ما يطلبه أصحاب المنزل، من الإسبوع الأول&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;- العمل بالسخرة أي من دون راتب &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;أو مع راتب متأخر دوماً أو مشروط.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;- التحكم بكل تفاصيل حياتهن، ما يلبسن، متى يرتحن، متى ينمن، في كم منزل يعملن، من يحببن، من يكرهن، الخ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ان المعادلة بسيطة غير محتاجة إلى الكثير من التحليل والتنقيب. كل ذلك يؤدي إلى تدهور صحة العاملات النفسية ويدفع بعضهن إلى تفضيل إنهاء حياتهن على البقاء في هكذا دوامة لا متناهية من العنف. أو في حالات أخرى، يدفعهن إلى محاولة الهرب، كونهن بمعنى أو بآخر محبوسات في هذه البيوت، وليس لهن أي سبل مشروعة ومتاحة للإستقالة من هكذا عمل، أو لتغيير العائلة الكافلة. . فيتضطرن الى سلوك هذه الحياة طبعا،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; وسبل الخروج الوحيدة هي الشرفة أو النافذة .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;أو النافذة، فالباب مقفول. فكم على الشخص أن يكون مقيداً، ومخنوقاً، ومجرداً من أي أمل أو إحتمالات أخرى، كي يلجأ إلى تعريض حياته للخطر، مثل تركيب كل أغطية الشراشف في البيت واستعمالها كحبل طويل للعبور من خلالها إلى الطابق الأسفل، من الطابق السابع في أنصاف الليالي!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;مؤخرا &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;عقدت وزارة الصحة مؤتمرا، أعلنت فيه أن &quot;العاملات الأجانب بالاضافة إلى السوريين والفلسطينيين، هم أكثر الفئات حاجة إلى العلاج النفسي، ولذلك ستتاح لهم الاستفادة من الطب النفسي مجانا&quot; ولنفترض أن هناك اهتمام جدي بهذه الفئات وصحتها النفسية، هل يمكن للعاملات الأجانب أن يصلن إلى هذا العلاج دون موافقة &quot;رب عملهم&quot;؟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ومن هو المسؤول عن كفالة العاملة ومتابعة اجراءتها القانونية لدى الامن العام (من اقم وغيرها) في حال دخلت المستشفى او المصح؟ هل يتك معالجة العاملة مع الشرح لحالتها بلغة تتقنها؟ هل يتم مشاركة هذه الحالات مع الكفيل وما دور الكفيل اذا تبين ان الوضع النفسي للعاملة ناتج عن معاملة الكفيل لها وظروف العمل المنزلي؟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; أما السؤال الأهم، لماذا تعالج النتائج بدلا من معالجة المشكلة من الجذور؟ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;العاملات لسن بحاجة إلى معالجة طبية نفسية، (ومشكورين على هكذا مبادرة طبعاً) بقدر ما هن بحاجة إلى:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;تسريع معاملة سفرهن والعودة إلى بلدهن من قبل الأمن العام عندما يطلبن ذلك وعندما تسوء حالاتهن النفسية جراء ما يلقينه من معاملة هنا&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;تجريم العنصرية والتمييز والتحرش ومشتقاتهم&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;عدم اللجوء الى مراكز و مستشفيات علاج النفس كمكان لإسكات العاملات المنزليات المهاجرات وسجنهن فيها. وعدم السماح لاي من المعالجين النفسيين بفحص و تشخيص حالاتهن فقط لاختلاف مظهرهن أو تصرفاتهن .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;إلغاء نظام الكفالة المجحف حق إجحاف بقدر ما لا يقل عن ١٠٪ من سكان هذا المكان &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;واستبداله بنظام أكثر إنسانية ومنطقية، لا يربط وجود العاملة بإسم شخص واحد، بل بعملها فحسب هنا.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;دمج العاملات المنزليات ضمن قانون العمل اللبناني، وبالتالي، ضمان حماية قانونية شاملة لهن وطرق مشروعة يمكنهن الاستناد إليها عندما يتعرضن للعنف، أو للإبتزازأو للإساءة على انواعها&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;معاقبة من يقوم بـالانتهاكات بحقهن من أصحاب منازل، أو مكاتب، أو قوى أمنية.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;والقائمة طويلة، ولكنها متاحة للمهتمين، فالجمعيات المناصرة لقضايا العاملات، وعلى رأسها عاملات حقوقيات وناشطات، ناضلن في لبنان لعشرات السنين عن أوضاعهن، يعدن ويكررن كل سنة، في يوم العمال العالمي  وغيره، المطالب التي يتمنينها ويحتجنها للعمل بظروف إنسانية ومحترمة وعادلة، تصون حقهن بحياة كريمة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;. أليست كل هذه الأسباب كافية ووافية لأن تعود العديد من هذه العاملات إلى بلادها غير متزنة من قساوة ما تعرضن له؟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;حضرت مرة وثائقي يصف أن هناك العديد من البلاد، وعلى رأسها سريلانكا، قد بنت مستشفيات &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;خاصة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;على أبواب المطارات لإستقبال مئات الحالات لنساء تعود إسبوعيا من منطقتنا وهي &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;بحاجة &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ماسة للمعالجة النفسية أو غيرها، فتخرج من الطيارة إلى سرير المستشفى حالا.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;يا سلام.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;line-height:2.4;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;كم هي جميلة سمعتنا حول العالم.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;	&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;في لبنان،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;تنتحر عاملتان كل أسبوع، ما يعني حوالي 9 عاملات شهرياً، أي مئة وأربع عاملات ينتحرن سنويا في لبنان &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;على أقل تقدير، وحسب ما يصلنا من الإعلام، وكل هذه الأرواح مهدورة بلا أي رقيب أو حسيب أو تحقيقات جدية أو علنية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;. هؤلاء لا ينتحرن لأنهن يحبون ذلك، هؤلاء يفضلن إختيار الموت أو احتماله على الحياة &#039;والجنون&#039; الذي يعشنه. صفة الجنون المطلقة على أكثرهن، ليست سوى وجهة نظر الأغلبية اللبنانية، التى حان وقت مراجعة نفسها لنفسها. رجاءً.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-publisher field-type-entityreference field-label-inline clearfix&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Publisher:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;Sawt al&amp;#039; Niswa&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-section field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-inline clearfix clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Section:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;ul class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/sawt-sections/opinions&quot;&gt;Opinions&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-category field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-inline clearfix clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Category:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;ul class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/category/migrant-workers&quot;&gt;Migrant workers&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-tags field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-inline clearfix clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Tags:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;ul class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/migrant-workers&quot;&gt;Migrant Workers&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/lebanon&quot;&gt;lebanon&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/suicide&quot;&gt;suicide&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/psychiatry&quot;&gt;psychiatry&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/mental-health&quot;&gt;Mental Health&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/racism&quot;&gt;Racism&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-featuredslider field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Featured:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;ul class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/featured/yes&quot;&gt;Yes&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-newsletter field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;newsletter:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;ul class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/newsletter/sawt-al-niswa-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A9-newsletter&quot;&gt;Sawt al Niswa | صوت النسوة newsletter&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
 <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jul 2017 11:02:30 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Lamia Moghnie</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">614 at https://dr2.whrdmena.org</guid>
</item>
<item>
 <title>كيف بيشوف الطب النفسي بلبنان العاملات الاجنبيات وكيف بشخّصهم؟</title>
 <link>https://dr2.whrdmena.org/article/599</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://dr2.whrdmena.org/sites/default/files/styles/500x/public/paso%20comic%20second%20version%20.jpg?itok=eZenK_1a&quot; width=&quot;471&quot; height=&quot;1200&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-article-author field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;pascale ghazaly &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
		 &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-publisher field-type-entityreference field-label-inline clearfix&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Publisher:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;Sawt al&amp;#039; Niswa&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-section field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-inline clearfix clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Section:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
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          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/sawt-sections/opinions&quot;&gt;Opinions&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-category field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-inline clearfix clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Category:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
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          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/category/migrant-workers&quot;&gt;Migrant workers&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-tags field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-inline clearfix clearfix&quot;&gt;
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          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/psychiatry-feminism&quot;&gt;Psychiatry &amp;amp; Feminism&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/migrant-workers&quot;&gt;Migrant Workers&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/mental-health&quot;&gt;Mental Health&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/suicide&quot;&gt;suicide&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-featuredslider field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Featured:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
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          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/featured/yes&quot;&gt;Yes&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-newsletter field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;newsletter:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
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          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/newsletter/sawt-al-niswa-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A9-newsletter&quot;&gt;Sawt al Niswa | صوت النسوة newsletter&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
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</description>
 <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jul 2017 08:14:19 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Lamia Moghnie</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">599 at https://dr2.whrdmena.org</guid>
</item>
<item>
 <title>Mental Health Advocacy in Lebanon: Fighting Stigma Without Providing Access</title>
 <link>https://dr2.whrdmena.org/article/597</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://dr2.whrdmena.org/sites/default/files/styles/500x/public/%D9%81%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A9.jpg?itok=PXyxLBBy&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-article-image-caption field-type-text field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;A poster for the Embrace 2013 “Fekko el 3e2de” campaign&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-article-author field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;Joumana Talhouk &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;If you look up the work of leading NGOs on mental health in Lebanon today, you will come across numerous awareness campaigns centered around fighting the stigma on mental illness. Embrace, for example, has launched a yearly event entitled “Break the Stigma” in collaboration with the AUB Psychology Student Society, where patients share their experiences with different mental disorders. IDRAAC’s work is also heavily focused on mental health awareness campaigns, including periodic lectures in schools and universities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Obviously, such initiatives are much needed to challenge the dominant attitudes of ridicule, disrespect, insensitivity, and aversion towards people with mental illness. Breaking the stigma not only means compelling society as a collective to understand the reality of mental illness though; it also helps  individuals recognize the symptoms of mental disorders and urges them to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;seek care &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;if they present with these symptoms. But, how can one even access mental health care in Lebanon? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;With the exception of the free healthcare (of doubtful quality) that one could receive at the primary health centers of the ministry of health&#039;s network, one usually has to set aside a hefty budget to get proper mental health treatment. Currently, the overwhelming majority of private insurance companies do not include mental health in their healthcare coverage, not even if one is willing to pay a higher premium for it, and certainly not for outpatient care. This may be the case because people still do not consider psychological or emotional suffering to be “real” or a “medical problem.” But one also has to wonder how much the excessively high prices charged by psychologists and psychiatrists play a part in deterring insurance providers from covering their consultations (especially considering the unique feature of therapy and psychiatric consultations: their need to be repeated periodically).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;In the rare cases where mental health &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; covered, the person seeking care has to overcome many bureaucratic hurdles to secure their right for coverage. For example, to get &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aub.edu.lb/hr/benefits/Documents/Appendix_B_201601.pdf&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration:none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(17, 85, 204); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;covered for mental health treatment by Health Insurance Plan (HIP) at AUB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;, you first have to fill out a request form in person. After a week (if you’re lucky - sometimes it takes up to 3 weeks), you go back to receive a referral to a specific psychiatrist or psychologist on campus. After getting a referral, you take an appointment from the AUBMC psychiatry department. On the day of the appointment, you have to get the referral stamped at the HIP office and give it to the secretary of the psychiatry department. If you do not present this paper &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;before&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; the appointment (but &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;on the same day)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;, HIP refuses to cover the fees. If you need follow-up sessions, you have to ask the doctor to write a report specifying that you are in need of more sessions. This report must be taken to another office to be processed, which usually takes about 1 week. Then, you have to go back and take another referral, specifying how many follow-up sessions will be covered automatically. Again, on the day of the next appointment, you have to take the paper given by UHS and get it signed by HIP. And the cycle continues. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(Note: HIP actually only fully covers the first 3 sessions). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/zqqKO9NSefGjwO-owR7vARFWoMhOjI_aR2ZOJlg_SqYc0O0oRIGZblUm6JwpY_RDaWdedxqjoLaCNw_irxz5n7uPED4GVqDjP2cE-iwIca32bl422xr1iiMhsQvwNCl4POU-JdCN&quot; style=&quot;border: medium none; transform: rotate(0rad); width: 500px; height: 353px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Step-by-step guide to HIP mental health coverage prepared for students by the AUB Graduate Student Society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Few patients end up completing this overwhelming bureaucratic process process to actually receive mental health services. I stopped my therapy because of the countless steps required of me; I was too depressed to go from office to office getting signature after signature in order to feel better.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;So, if you have been graced by one of the mental health awareness campaigns and realized that you &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;need&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt; care, you’d have to pay $50 weekly on average to see a psychologist and maybe an additional $100 periodically to see a psychiatrist, or go through a million procedures (which, ironically,  your mental condition might prevent you from doing) to get coverage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;While it may be important to fight stigma, it is flagrantly shortsighted to do so when people who would like to seek mental health care simply cannot. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-publisher field-type-entityreference field-label-inline clearfix&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Publisher:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;Sawt al&amp;#039; Niswa&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-section field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-inline clearfix clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Section:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;ul class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/sawt-sections/opinions&quot;&gt;Opinions&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-category field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-inline clearfix clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Category:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;ul class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/category/opinions&quot;&gt;Opinions&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-tags field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-inline clearfix clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Tags:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;ul class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/psychiatry-feminism&quot;&gt;Psychiatry &amp;amp; Feminism&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/mental-health&quot;&gt;Mental Health&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
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        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/lebanon&quot;&gt;lebanon&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
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        &lt;a href=&quot;/tags/healthcare&quot;&gt;healthcare&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-featuredslider field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Featured:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
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        &lt;a href=&quot;/featured/yes&quot;&gt;Yes&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-newsletter field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;newsletter:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;ul class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;
          &lt;li class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a href=&quot;/newsletter/sawt-al-niswa-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A9-newsletter&quot;&gt;Sawt al Niswa | صوت النسوة newsletter&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
 <pubDate>Sun, 23 Jul 2017 21:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Lamia Moghnie</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">597 at https://dr2.whrdmena.org</guid>
</item>
<item>
 <title>A Political Economy of Mental Health: Stories and (Un)Related Facts</title>
 <link>https://dr2.whrdmena.org/article/595</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://dr2.whrdmena.org/sites/default/files/styles/500x/public/sanayeh.png?itok=N5ql8UDi&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;302&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-article-image-caption field-type-text field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;Sanayeh Garden (from the blog Old Beirut; www.oldbeirut.com)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-article-author field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;Cynthia Kreichati&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;This article is a sequence of vignettes. Each vignette emphasizes one specific idea and can be understood on its own but is also part of something bigger than itself. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;The second half of the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Century was difficult for the &lt;em&gt;Sick Man of Europe&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;The Ottoman Empire and its peoples were facing socioeconomic hardship and political turmoil. When the Ottoman Sultan signed the first of a series of many decrees to reform state and society, the Empire was already caught in the throes of colonial ambitions and rising nationalism, and facing the consequences of its unavoidable participation in the exchange of people, goods, money and ideas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;Among other things, these Tanzimat – modernizing reforms – had a striking impact on public health and led to the creation of institutions, such as the maritime quarantine – known as Quarantina – and the sanatorium&lt;a href=&quot;#_edn1&quot; name=&quot;_ednref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;_ednref1&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[i]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; of Bhannes, concerned with the well-being of individuals and communities alike.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;The decline of the sanatoria began with the discovery of antibiotics and many, like the Sanatorium of Bhannes, were transformed into general hospitals. Patients diagnosed with tuberculosis were thus treated with antibiotics such as Iproniazid, a molecule that prevented an enzyme - the monoamine oxidase - from breaking down a specific category of neurotransmitters - the monoamines, which were chemical compounds that transported messages in the brain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;Upon taking this drug, patients often experienced euphoria. It did not take long for researchers from the pharmaceutical industry to notice and investigate this further. The Monoamine theory they developed suggested that these neurotransmitters spread messages of biological happiness in our brains.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;Knowledge does not exist in a vacuum. The way it is produced, disseminated and then used is a manifestation and an expression of a belonging to a larger worldview.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;Knowledge is generated and then translated in response to the needs of the class or the group to which its producer belongs.  Although some discoveries happen by chance rather than intentionally, the way they’re used is not.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;For example, researchers identify a potent chemical compound that could be used to treat illnesses in humans. The journey from chemical compound to medicine is a lengthy and intricate process, often shaped by political, economic and social forces. Moving from the creation/invention of the drug to its prescription and its purchase by the patient entails the scientific and technical production of the drug, its pricing and regulatory framework, from marketing authorization to prescription policies and its promotion and distribution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;Global and local forces, politics, the law, culture and mores, the economy and the labor market to name a few shape the way medicine and the pharmaceutical industry respond to illness. In turn, they are also shaped by these very same responses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;These forces play a considerable role in the way we view, diagnose, treat and address mental illness. The discovery of the Monoamine theory was fortuitous but it influenced the onset and the course of an illness and fueled an entire industry: depression and the anti-depressants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;When the Ottoman Empire entered the global market, many families from Syria and Mount Lebanon became traders working between Beirut, Damascus, Baghdad and Tehran, selling and distributing European and, later on, American brands including medicine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;Throughout the years-civil wars and post-war reconstruction and development plans included-trade in Lebanon retained its prominence. It is still today an important pillar of the economy. Local pharmaceutical industry is underdeveloped, local production poor and reliance on importation remarkably high. There are only six pharmaceutical factories in Lebanon (Mephico, Pharmadex, Algorithm, Mediphar, Pharmaline, Benta) and their market share of production does not exceed 8%.&lt;a href=&quot;#_edn2&quot; name=&quot;_ednref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;_ednref2&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[ii]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;80% of drugs are imported and the global pharmaceutical industry is represented in Lebanon through scientific offices- like Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Glaxo Smith Kline and Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson - in charge of marketing, communication and pharmaco-vigilance&lt;a href=&quot;#_edn3&quot; name=&quot;_ednref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;_ednref3&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[iii]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and through importation agents that deal with the manufacturers and import products and medicine and distribute it in the country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;Many of these importers are the descendants of the same families that started the trade business over a century ago. A small group of importers control the majority of local markets in a way that comes to resemble exclusive monopolies - although the exclusive right to import food and medicine cannot be granted by the law. A consequence of this quasi-monopoly endows importers with powers. Sometimes, they do not inform the Ministry of Public Health of price change in the country of origin of the drugs they import; they decide to discontinue importation when the profit margin is not very significant; and they replace a drug that is cheap with one that is more expensive.        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;According to figures from the Lebanese Customs, in 2014, Lebanon imported $1.1 billion in pharmaceutical products&lt;a href=&quot;#_edn4&quot; name=&quot;_ednref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;_ednref4&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[iv]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Here’s a math problem: if 10 companies control 90% of the market and 4 of these companies control 50% of the market, then how much profit do these companies make?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;In studying the relationship between social classes and political power, Fawwaz Traboulsi recalls the government of Lebanon’s attempt to join the World Trade Organization under Rafic Hariri’s leadership in the early 2000s. The WTO’s terms stipulated the liberalization of the economy and the end of monopolies in trade and importation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;Because of the modern history of trade in the region and Europe’s longstanding relationship to the minorities, many importers are Christian. The debate over Hariri’s proposed economic reforms back then took a sectarian turn. Some saw in it an attempt by Muslim businessmen to hijack the rights and privileges of Christian importers. The Patriarch of the Maronite Church and General Michel Aoun – still in exile at the time – even accused Syria of trying to jeopardize the economic independence of the Lebanese State.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;There are almost no laws in Lebanon to regulate drug promotion and advertising to health professionals.  Physicians are almost free to prescribe anything they want and pharmaceutical companies heavily influence medical education and conferences.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;In 2016, the Ministry of Public Health introduced the Lebanese Code of Ethics to try and regulate pharmaceutical promotion as well as a unified prescription form for physicians. This form could eventually be collected by the Ministry and could provide valuable data to better understand what doctors prescribe, to whom and why.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;There are radical and effective ways to address the hyper-medicalization and privatization of healthcare in Lebanon, especially in regards to mental illness.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;To think globally, to take into account worldwide trends but to act locally;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;To recognize that there is an oligarchy and private interests at stake at the expense of our own well being;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;To push for a comprehensive public health policy that ensures accountability of all actors involved in the provision of healthcare beyond the corporatism of the professional orders (of physicians, pharmacists, etc.) and syndicates (private hospitals);&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;To curtail pharmaceutical promotion especially of psychotropic drugs, not only to psychiatrists but also gynecologists;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;To collect and make available comprehensive data of pharmaceutical sales, prescriptions and prescribing habits of medicine;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;To create a new political imaginary where a different, healthier, good life is possible for all.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;edn1&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ednref1&quot; name=&quot;_edn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;_edn1&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[i]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A medical facility for the treatment of long term illness, notably tuberculosis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;edn2&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ednref2&quot; name=&quot;_edn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;_edn2&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[ii]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;SUKKARIEH, Ismail, Al dawaa’... mafia am azmat nithaam? (Pharmaceuticals: a mafia, or a system in crisis?), Part 1, Dar AL Farabi, Beirut, 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;edn3&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ednref3&quot; name=&quot;_edn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;_edn3&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[iii]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The monitoring of the effects of the drugs after they have been released on the market (especially to evaluate side effects)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;edn4&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#_ednref4&quot; name=&quot;_edn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;_edn4&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[iv]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Waiting for Reforms. Executive Magazine. 2015. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.executive-magazine.com/economics-policy/healthcare-waiting-for-reforms&quot;&gt;http://www.executive-magazine.com/economics-policy/healthcare-waiting-fo...&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section field field-name-field-publisher field-type-entityreference field-label-inline clearfix&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Publisher:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;Sawt al&amp;#039; Niswa&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Section:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-category field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-inline clearfix clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Category:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-tags field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-inline clearfix clearfix&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Tags:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
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</description>
 <pubDate>Sun, 23 Jul 2017 21:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Lamia Moghnie</dc:creator>
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